FUKEPAIKE: 一次的正经与严肃:童真与成人世界的矛盾- 评蔡深江散文《漫步经心》

Saturday, April 07, 2007

一次的正经与严肃:童真与成人世界的矛盾- 评蔡深江散文《漫步经心》





本人心血来潮,阅一有趣散文,决定加以评析,共大家鉴赏。难得在荒谬无稽的部落格里添加一篇理论性文章,让大家笑话了。




1. 引言

《漫步经心》是一篇彻底诗化的散文,以一种童稚无邪的视角对成人世界逐步变质与侵蚀某些价值观的现实进行再现。现实往往是残酷的,但作者却通过个体的童年记忆展现了一个日益光怪陆离却令人迷茫和错乱的成人世界。这类童真视角和童趣语气的叙述对文明及其产物构成了一种抵抗和某种对应,展现社会变革转换的矛盾。


2. 意象 (imagery)

2.1 创造意象的启蒙灵感
蔡深江在散文中创造了许多寓意深邃隽永的意象来勾勒某一事物或情愫,充分展现了文学本身的存在魅力。其实,散文中沙漠和绵羊的意象可以说是来自法国作家圣艾修伯里 (Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1900-1944) 的经典之作《小王子》。作者在第一节的第二段有提到:“有时,也很想到这么广漠的土地走一趟,象《小王子》里的「我」,独自在荒漠里平静地画画绵羊,打打哈欠,却始终找不到刻意的方向。” 「沙漠」与「绵羊」在这起了互文性 (intertextuality) 的作用,为散文提供了叙述的童稚视野及天真语气。被讯唤 (interpellate) 入某种社会意识形态的人们似乎应该放慢脚步,尝试回归到童真的散漫无邪和天真纯朴气质,以对抗所谓冰冷与缺乏人性的现代化中的机械呆板特质。通过这两个意象的铺陈,作者体现了深远的含义和与众不同的生动哲思。


2.2 意象的诠释
除了「沙漠」与「羊」,作者还创造了「木制的椅子」和「荒芜的池塘」等寓意深远的「配套意象」来增强沙漠这个基础意象的实质内涵和联想。现代都市的“大人”都“天经地义地误以为生命就是一场长长远远的跋涉”(pg 291) ,日日按部就班地工作,又奉公守法,其实他们都是丧失了对世界的好奇和想象力的枯燥生活机器。就如《小王子》中第一章所再现的,在六岁的孩子眼里,“作品一号”是一幅蟒蛇吞象图,丧失想象力的大人们却误看成帽子。这些大人不知道“每个人心中有一片沙漠,可以用来迷路”(pg290),可以藉此回归纯朴童真,逃脱杂乱现实。接着,作者引出了在成长历程被遗忘的东西,将「池塘」和「木制的椅子」,铺陈排比,与「沙漠」相辅相承,加强了「沙漠」的意境内涵。

“沙漠乃潜意识里的失乐园,被规律/制式化的日常生活刻意遗忘,只有在很偶然的时刻,我们才依稀意识到它的存在。”(陈大为, 2003: pg35)1 当人们发现这片“心中的沙漠”,才蓦然地察觉到事物初始根本的境况。但是,这一切只是暂时的,因为人人都逐渐地被文明所吞噬与紧逼。为了暂且逃脱现实,他们沉溺于一时的童真,在“心中的沙漠”迷路,将视角转向童趣,引发更多可能创造性的反思。

后来,绵羊出现了,而且他们是“安静而且和平地排队,一只接着一只,跨栏入梦”。(pg292) 童年之所以会充满着快乐,在很大的程度上要归咎于童稚的直率意识中。现代社会发展的功利性,歪曲了“排队这个严重违反天性的文明产物”。(pg292) 我们和乖巧的绵羊群一样,被置在一个身不由己的境况中,童真与
初始性格被文明彻底驯化。这是作者精心刻划,并且要体现的寓意,人们从小便
被一股文明意识流所贯彻的概念拖着走,毫无自主性。作者特意切入了“成长的喜悦”(pg292),极富反讽意味,这份喜悦的背后竟隐藏着一个无形的文明枷锁,束缚着人们的心灵。

在第三节中,绵羊的意象内涵起了转折性的变化。在此章节中,作者刻划了一只胆怯而提不起勇气越过栏杆的绵羊。这只绵羊有感知,自觉性地逗留在沙漠中,只因它醒目并察觉到周遭环境对自身意识的深层影响。它发现了现实的功利性而感到惶恐与困惑,或许这只绵羊“正是我们硕果仅存的、无污染、尚未被驯化的心灵一隅”(陈大为, 2003: pg35)。这只绵羊确立了我们自己的主体意识和独立人格,从而维持着我们内心中的“沙漠”,不完全被文明与现实所诱惑和吞噬。

「木制的椅子」象征着童真的记忆,当都市人“想逃离眼前种种不快乐的画面”(pg295),他们可以沉醉于这份记忆之中“调匀气息,沉淀思绪”(pg295)。用“木制的”来修饰椅子的意象,更增添其简朴和具体性。可惜的,大家都不知道“椅子”的奥秘,而这个「木制的椅子」随着岁月的增长而腐朽,被大家遗置在旁。

第五节「荒芜池塘」的寓意处理的较为复杂,池塘渗杂了喜怒哀乐的童年记忆,零零散散,曾经留下“水面上一张稚气的脸”(pg297)。我们可以将池塘视为童年的等同,小时候,池塘是“用来投掷微笑的”(pg296),长大后,池塘却“必须荒芜而且被成长的孩子遗忘”(pg296)。承载悲欢记忆的池塘有如过眼云烟,这也意味着童年的记忆逐渐被淡化,甚至被遗忘。池塘之所以荒芜是因为大家已无法寻回童年散漫无邪的心境与感觉,心中的池塘已被“连根拔起”(pg298),大家只好把精神暂且寄托于“心中的沙漠”。如今的结局变迁折射出长大的无奈和命运的某种错置。

作者在第六节“沙漠与羊”中拓展了沙漠的意象内涵,阐释了一个残酷的现实,许多事情在成长以后便不会再复现了,因此“每个人只好维系心中一片沙漠,至于下雨,那是很久以前的事了,长大以后,已经忘了淋雨的姿势”(pg299)。最后一节“木制的椅子”则描写了上中学之后的心理写照,“老师和大人们都开始一种新的衡量善恶的方式”(pg299),既然无法回到过去,“心中一张木制的椅子始终是我们逃逸的方向。”(pg299)

“蔡深江用‘漫步’ 的笔法,走过七个‘经心’ 设计的小节”(陈大为, 2003: pg35),每个小节经过加工雕琢,以作者化腐朽为神奇的文字能力,把文字控制在股掌之间,营造出一种非感性的冷静的文本,为意象的寓意做铺陈与拓展,使字里行间的含义更具深邃性与丰富性。


3. 结论
通过虚实交错的笔法和埋藏寓意的童真意象,作者影射了社会的荒诞与变异,并以一颗童稚之心再现了都市人的心灵世界。作者别出心裁,以童真为主题操写散文,将个个意象和譬喻修饰地非常生动。简单的意象,但背后的含义却富有哲思性,警醒人们其文明的堕落与对人自身的异化。

余光中在《漫步经心》的评鉴中指出:“作者的遭遇与其他的时光乡愁的患者并无多大差异,使《漫步经心》卓然不群的,是作者出入虚实的探索与近乎童话而富于感性的语言。”(余光中, 1990)2 能够使作品超然于其余的散文文本,意象可是起了不可或缺的作用,并且升华了一个不甚起眼的主题。《漫步经心》堪称另类的散文奇葩,普通的文字得以淋漓尽致与五彩缤纷的呈现,令人回味无穷。


参考文献
1) 陈大为《不肯跨栏入梦的羊:评蔡深江散文〈漫步经心〉》,《香港文
学》,总第227期,2003年11月1日

2) 余光中《呓语和神话之间》,《中国时报 · 人间副刊》,1990年10月3日

3) 朱崇科《淘气的认真与“珍重的平凡”-论蔡深江的文字倔强及其本土搜
寻》,2006年4月13日,参阅网站:
http://blog.yam.com/sksen6912/archives/1410222.html
参阅日期: 2006年10月29日

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